Mayfair is an affluent area in the West End of London towards the east edge of Hyde Park, in the City of Westminster, between Oxford Street, Regent Street, Piccadilly and Park Lane. It is one of the most expensive districts in London and the world.
The area around Mayfair was originally part of the manor of Eia and remained largely rural in nature until the early 18th century. It became well known for the annual "May Fair" that took place from 1686 to 1764 in what is now Shepherd Market. The fair attracted an unpleasant, downmarket element and gradually became a public nuisance. The Grosvenor family, later to become the Dukes of Westminster, acquired land through marriage and began to develop it under the direction of Thomas Barlow. The work included the church of St George Hanover Square, Hanover Square, Berkeley Square and Grosvenor Square, the latter three of which were surrounded by luxury homes.
By the end of the 18th century, most of Mayfair was built on with prestigious housing to suit the upper class; unlike some nearby areas of London, it has never lost its affluent status. The decline of the British aristocracy in the early 20th century led to the area becoming more commercial instead of residential, with many former homes converted into offices for major corporate headquarters, embassies, and other businesses. There remains a substantial quantity of luxury residential property, upmarket shops and restaurants, and modern hotels along Piccadilly and Park Lane in particular. Mayfair's prestigious status has been commemorated by being the most expensive property square on the London Monopoly board.
Video Mayfair
Geography
The Mayfair area is in the City of Westminster, and mainly consists of the historical estate of Grosvenor, along with the estates of Albemarle, Berkeley, Burlington, and Curzon. It is bordered on the west by Park Lane, north by Oxford Street, east by Regent Street, and the south by Piccadilly. Beyond the bounding roads, to the north is Marylebone, to the east Soho, and to the southwest Knightsbridge and Belgravia.
Mayfair is surrounded by parkland; both Hyde Park and Green Park run along its boundary. The 8-acre (3.2 ha) Grosvenor Square is roughly in the centre of Mayfair, and is the centrepiece of the area, containing numerous expensive and desirable properties.
Maps Mayfair
History
Early history
There has been speculation that the Romans settled in the area before establishing Londinium, following analysis of the alignment of Roman roads. Whitaker's Almanack has suggested that Aulus Plautius set up a fort near the junction of Park Street and Oxford Street during the Roman conquest of Britain in AD 43 while waiting for Claudius; the theory was more fully developed in 1993, with a proposal that around the fort a Roman town formed, which was later abandoned as being too far from the Thames. The proposal has been disputed owing to lack of archaeological evidence. If there was a fort, it is believed the perimeter would have been where the modern Green Street, North Audley Street, Upper Grosvenor Street and Park Lane now are, and that Park Street would have been the main road through the centre. This area was known as the manor of Eia in the Domesday Book, and owned by Geoffrey de Mandeville following the Norman Conquest. It was subsequently given to the Abbey of Westminster, who owned it until 1536 when it was taken over by Henry VIII.
Mayfair was mainly open fields until development started in the Shepherd Market area around 1686-8 to accommodate the May Fair that had moved from Haymarket in St James's because of overcrowding. There were some buildings before 1686 - a cottage in Stanhope Row, dating from 1618, which was destroyed in the Blitz in late 1940. A 17th-century English Civil War fortification was established in what is now Mount Street in Mayfair, and known as Oliver's Mount by the 18th century.
The May Fair
The May Fair was held every year at Great Brookfield (which is now part of Curzon Street and Shepherd Market) from 1 - 14 May. It was established during the reign of Edward I, where the area beyond St. James was open fields. The fair was recorded as "Saint James's fayer by Westminster " in 1560. It was postponed briefly in 1603 because of plague, but otherwise continued throughout the 17th century. In 1686, the fair moved to what is now Mayfair. By the 18th, it had attracted various showmen, jugglers and fencers and numerous fairground attractions. Popular attractions included bare-knuckle fighting, semolina eating contests and women's foot racing.
By the reign of George I, the May Fair had fallen into disrepute and was regarded as a public scandal. The 6th Earl of Coventry, who lived on Piccadilly, considered the fair to be a nuisance and led a public campaign against it along with local residents. It was abolished in 1764. One of the reasons for Mayfair's subsequent boom in property development was to keep out lower class activities.
Grosvenor family and estates
Building on what is now Mayfair began in the 1660s, initially on the corner of Piccadilly, and progressed along the north side of that street. Burlington House was constructed between 1664-5 by John Denham, but was sold two years later to Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Burlington who asked Hugh May to complete it. The house was extensively modified through the 18th century, and is the only one of this era to survive into the 21st century.
The origins of major development in Mayfair began when Sir Thomas Grosvenor, 3rd Baronet married Mary Davis, heiress to part of the Manor of Ebury, in 1677. The Grosvenor family gained 500 acres (200 ha) of land, of which around 100 acres (40 ha) lay south of Oxford Street and east of Park Lane. It was referred to as "The Hundred Acres" in early deeds.
In 1721, the London Journal reported "the ground upon which the May Fair formerly was held is marked out for a large square, and several fine streets and houses are to be built upon it". Sir Richard Grosvenor, 4th Baronet asked the surveyor Thomas Barlow to design a street layout, which has survived mostly intact to the present day despite most of the properties being rebuilt. Barlow proposed a straightforward grid of wide, straight streets, with a large place as a centrepiece. Buildings were constructed here in quick succession, and by the mid-18th century it was covered in houses. Much of the land was based around seven estates - Burlington, Millfield, Conduit Mead, Albemarle Ground, the Berkeley, the Curzon and, most importantly, the Grosvenor. Of the original properties constructed in Mayfair, only the Grosvenor estate survives intact and owned by the same family, who subsequently became the Dukes of Westminster in 1874. Chesterfield Street is one of the few streets in Mayfair that still has 18th century properties on both sides, with one single exception, and is probably the least altered road in the area.
Hanover Square was the first of three great squares to be constructed in Mayfair. It was named after King George I, who was also known as the Elector of Hanover, soon after his ascension to the throne in 1714. The original houses in the square were inhabited by "persons of distinction" such as retired generals. Although most have been demolished, a small number of houses have survived to the present day. The Hanover Square Rooms became a popular place for classical music concerts, including Johann Sebastian Bach, Joseph Haydn, Niccolò Paganini and Franz Liszt. There is a large statue of William Pitt the Younger at the southern end of the square.
In 1725, Mayfair became part of the new parish of St George Hanover Square, running as far east as Bond Street and to Regent Street north of Conduit Street. It ran as far north as Oxford Street and south near to Piccadilly. The parish continued into Hyde Park to the west and extended southwest to St George's Hospital. Most of the area belonged to (and continues to be owned by) the Grosvenor family, though the freehold of some parts of Mayfair belongs to the Crown Estate. A water supply to the area was built by the Chelsea Water Works, and a royal warrant was issued in 1725 for a reservoir in Hyde Park that could supply water into Mayfair, at what is now Grosvenor Gate. In 1835, the reservoir was decorated with an ornamental basin and a fountain in its centre. In 1963, following the widening of Park Lane, it was rebuilt as the Joy of Life Fountain.
Grosvenor Square was planned as the centrepiece of the Mayfair estate. It was laid out around 1725-31 and contained about 51 individual plots for development. It is the second-largest square in London (after Lincoln's Inn Fields) and housed numerous members of the aristocracy until the mid-20th century. By the end of the 19th century, the Grosvenor family were described as "the wealthiest family in Europe" and annual rents for their Mayfair properties reached around £135,000 (now £13,530,000). The square has never declined in popularity and continues to be a prestigious London address into the 21st century. Only two original houses on the square have survived; No. 9, once the home of John Adams, and No. 38 which is now the Indonesian Embassy.
Berkeley House on Piccadilly was named after John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton who had purchased its land, and that surrounding it, shortly after the Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660. In 1696, the Berkeley family sold the house and grounds to the 1st Duke of Devonshire (who renamed it Devonshire House) on the proviso that the view from the rear of the house should not be spoiled. Berkeley Square was laid out to the rear of the house in the 1730s; because of the conditions of sale, houses were only built on the east and west sides of it. The west side still has various mid-18th century buildings along it, while the east side now contains offices including Berkeley Square House.
The expansion of Mayfair moved upper class Londoners away from areas such as Covent Garden and Soho, which were already in decline by the 18th century. Part of its success was because of its proximity to the Court of St James and the parks, and because of the well-designed layout. This led to it sustaining its popularity into the 21st century. The requirements of the aristocracy led to various stables, coach houses and servants' accommodation being established along the mews running parallel to the streets. Some of the stables have since been converted into garages and offices.
The Rothschild family owned several Mayfair properties in the 19th century. Alfred de Rothschild lived at No. 1 Seamore Place and held numerous "adoration dinners" where the only guest was a female companion. The marriage of his brother Leopold to Marie Perugia took place here in 1881. It was demolished after World War I when Curzon Street was extended through the site to meet Park Lane.
Mayfair has had a long association with the United States. Pocahontas is believed to have visited the area in the early 17th century. In 1786, John Adams established the US Embassy on Grosvenor Square. Theodore Roosevelt was married in Hanover Square, while Franklin D. Roosevelt honeymooned in Berkeley Square. There is a small memorial park in Mount Street Gardens with a collection of benches engraved with the names of former American residents and visitors to Mayfair.
Modern history
The death of Hugh Grosvenor, 1st Duke of Westminster in 1899 was a pivotal point in the development of Mayfair, following which all redevelopment schemes not already in operation were cancelled. In the following years, Government budget proposals such as David Lloyd George's establishment of the welfare state in 1909, greatly reduced the power of the Lords. Land value fell around Mayfair, and some leases were not renewed.
Following World War I, the British upper class was in decline as the reduced workforce meant servants were less in supply and demanded higher salaries. The grandest houses in Mayfair became more expensive to service and consequently many were converted to foreign embassies. The 2nd Duke of Westminster decided to demolish Grosvenor House and build Bourdon House in its place. Mayfair attracted commercial development after much of the City of London was destroyed during the Blitz, and many corporate headquarters were established in the area. Several historically important houses were demolished, including Aldford House, Londonderry House and Chesterfield House.
The Canadian High Commission was established at Macdonald House at No. 1 Grosvenor Square in 1961. It is named after the first Canadian Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald. The Italian Embassy is at No. 4 Grosvenor Square.
The district has become increasingly commercial, with many offices in converted houses and new buildings, though the trend has been reverted in places. The United States embassy announced in 2008 it would move from its long established location at Grosvenor Square to Nine Elms, Wandsworth owing to security concerns, despite constructing an £8m security upgrading after the September 11 attacks including 6-foot (1.8 m) high blast walls. Since the 1990s, residential properties have become available again, though the rents are among the highest in London. Mayfair remains one of the most expensive places to live in London and the world and there remains some exclusive shopping and London's largest concentration of luxury hotels and many restaurants, particularly around Park Lane and Grosvenor Square.
Properties
Churches
St George's, Hanover Square was constructed between 1721-4 by John James, as one of 50 new churches following the Commission for Building Fifty New Churches Act in 1711. It features the first portico to be constructed for a British church. Several historically important people were married here, including Emma, Lady Hamilton in 1791, poet Percy Bysshe Shelley in 1814, and Prime Ministers Benjamin Disraeli and H. H. Asquith in 1839 and 1894 respectively. The porch features two cast-iron dogs that were rescued from a shop in Conduit Street that was bombed during the Blitz.
Grosvenor Chapel is on South Audley Street in Mayfair, built by Benjamin Timbrell in 1730 for the Grosvenor Estate. It was used by American armed forces during World War II. The parents of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington are buried in the churchyard.
The Mayfair Chapel was based on Curzon Street. It became a popular place for illegal marriages, including over 700 in 1742, and was where James Hamilton, 6th Duke of Hamilton married Elizabeth Gunning in 1752. The Marriage Act 1753 stopped the practice of unlicensed marriages. The chapel was demolished in 1899.
Hotels
Claridge's was founded in 1812 as Mivart's Hotel on Brook Street. It was acquired by William Claridge in 1855, who gave it its current name. The hotel was bought by the Savoy Company in 1895 and rebuilt in a red brick design, and extended again in 1931. Several European royal families in exile stayed at the hotel during World War II. Alexander, Crown Prince of Yugoslavia was born at the hotel on 17 July 1945; the Prime Minister Winston Churchill is said to have declared the suite he was born in to be Yugoslav territory.
The London Marriott Hotel Grosvenor Square is on the corner of Grosvenor Square and Duke Street, and was the first Marriott Hotel in Britain. It opened as the Europa Hotel in 1961, before being bought by Marriott in 1985. It was a popular place for visitors to the American Embassy.
The Grosvenor House Hotel on Park Lane is on the former site of Gloucester House, the home of Robert Grosvenor, 2nd Earl Grosvenor (later Robert Grosvenor, 1st Marquess of Westminster). It was further expanded by Alfred Octavius in 1928 and now supports over 450 bedrooms with 150 luxury flats on the south wing. It was the first London hotel to have its own swimming pool.
The Dorchester is named after Joseph Damer, 1st Earl of Dorchester. The first significant building here was erected by Joseph Damer in 1751, and renamed to Dorchester House following the Earl's succession in 1792. The property was purchased by Sir Robert McAlpine and Sons and Gordon Hotels Ltd in 1928 to be redeveloped into a hotel, which re-opened on 18 April 1931. It was General Dwight Eisenhower's London headquarters in World War II, while the Duke of Edinburgh held his stag night at the hotel prior to his marriage to Princess Elizabeth.
The May Fair Hotel opened in 1927 on the former site of Devonshire House in Stratton Street. It accommodates the Mayfair Theatre, which opened in 1963.
The Ritz opened on Piccadilly on 24 May 1906. It was the first significant steel-framed building to be constructed in London, and is one of the most prestigious and best known hotels in the world.
Retail
Mayfair has included a range of exclusive shops, hotels, restaurants and clubs since the 19th century. The quarter--especially the Bond Street area--is also the home of numerous commercial art galleries, as well as international auction houses such as Bonhams, Christie's and Sotheby's.
Gunter's Tea Shop was established in 1757 at Nos. 7-8 Berkeley Square by the Italian Domenico Negri. Robert Gunter took co-ownership of the shop in 1777, and full ownership in 1799. During the 19th century it became a fashionable place to buy cakes and ice cream, and was well known for its range of multi-tiered wedding cakes. The shop moved to Curzon Street in 1936 when the eastern side of Berkley Square was demolished. It closed in 1956, with the catering business surviving until 1976.
Mount Street has been a popular street for shops since Mayfair was first developed in the 18th century. It was largely rebuilt between 1880 and 1900 under the direction of the 1st Duke of Westminster, while a nearby workhouse was relocated to Pimlico. It now houses a number of shops dealing with luxury trades.
Shepherd Market has been called the "village centre" of Mayfair. The current buildings date from around 1860 and comprise food and antique shops alongside pubs and restaurants. The market has previously had a reputation for high-class prostitution. Jeffrey Archer was alleged to frequent the area for this purpose, and was accused of visiting Monica Coghlan, a call girl in Shepherd Market, which ultimately led to a libel trial and his later imprisonment for perverting the course of justice.
Just alongside Burlington House is one of London's most luxurious shopping areas, the Burlington Arcade. It was designed by Samuel Ware for George Cavendish, 1st Earl of Burlington in 1819. The arcade was designed with tall walls on either side primarily to stop passers by throwing litter into the Earl's garden. Ownership of the arcade subsequently passed down to the Chesham family. In 1911, another storey was added by Beresford Pite, who also added the Chesham arms. The family sold the arcade to the Prudential Assurance Company for £333,000 (now £17,738,000) in 1926. It was bombed during World War II and subsequently restored.
The butcher Allen of Mayfair was founded in a shop on Mount Street in 1830. It was one of the most well-known butchers in London and held a Royal warrant of appointment to supply meat to the Queen, as well as supplying several high-profile restaurants in the area. Following spiralling debts, it was sold to Rare Butchers of Distinction in 2006. The Mayfair premises closed in 2015, but the company retains an online presence.
The restaurant Scott's moved from Coventry Street to Nos. 20-22 Mount Street in 1967. In 1975, the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) bombed the restaurant twice, killing one and injuring 15.
Museums and galleries
Mayfair is home to numerous galleries, which has given it a reputation as an international art hub. The Royal Academy of Arts is based in Burlington House. It was founded in 1768 by George III and is the oldest fine arts society in the world. Its founding President was Sir Joshua Reynolds. The academy holds classes as well as exhibitions, and students have included John Constable and J. M. W. Turner. It moved from Somerset House to Trafalgar Square in 1837, sharing with the National Gallery, before moving to Burlington House in 1868. The academy hosts a well-known annual Summer Exhibition, showing over 1,000 contemporary works of art that can be submitted by anyone.
The Fine Art Society gallery was established at No. 148 New Bond Street in 1876. Other popular galleries in Mayfair include Maddox Gallery on Maddox Street and the Halcyon Gallery.
The Handel House Museum is at No. 25 Brook Street in Mayfair, and opened in 2001. George Frederic Handel was the first resident of this house from 1723 until his death in 1759. Most of his major works, including Messiah, and Music for the Royal Fireworks were composed here. The museum has also included an exhibition of Jimi Hendrix, who lived in an upper-floor flat in neighbouring No. 23 Brook Street in 1968-9.
The Faraday Museum is in Albermarle Street, in a basement laboratory originally used by Michael Faraday as part of his experiments with electromagnetic rotation and motors at the Royal Institution. It opened in 1973 and includes the first electric generator designed by Faraday, along with various notes and medals.
Business
Lord Rothschild purchased GVO, an investment house in Mayfair, in 2014. The company's investment funds have been more successful than the FTSE All-Share Index and the FTSE Small Cap Index.
Cadbury's head office was formerly at No. 25 Berkeley Square in Mayfair. In 2007, Cadbury Schweppes announced that it was moving to Uxbridge in order to cut costs.
Other
Bourdon House is one of the oldest properties in Mayfair. It was constructed by Thomas Barlow between 1723-5 as part of the original development plan. An additional storey was added around 1864-5. In 1909, the 2nd Duke of Westminster ordered major refurbishments and the expansion of a three-storey wing. He moved out of Grosvenor House in 1916 into this, where he stayed until his death in 1953.
Crewe House was built in the late 18th century on the site of a house on Curzon Street owned by Edward Shepherd, a key builder and architect around Mayfair. It was bought by James Stuart-Wortley, 1st Baron Wharncliffe in 1818 and became known as Wharncliffe House. In 1899, it was purchased by Robert Crewe-Milnes, Earl Crewe, giving it its current name. The house is now part of the Saudi Arabian Embassy.
Mayfair has many blue plaques on buildings, due to the proliferation of important and recognised residents. Standing at the corner of Chesterfield Street and Charles Street, one can see plaques for William, Duke of Clarence and St Andrews (later King William IV), Prime Minister Lord Rosebery, the writer Somerset Maughan and Regency-era fashion icon Beau Brummell.
Transport
While there are no London Underground stations inside Mayfair, there are several on the boundaries. Marble Arch, Bond Street and Oxford Circus along Oxford Street are on the northern edge, whilst Piccadilly Circus and Green Park are along Piccadilly on the southern, along with Hyde Park Corner close by in Knightsbridge.
Down Street tube station opened in 1907 as "Down Street (Mayfair)". It closed in 1932 but was used during the Second World War by the Emergency Railway Committee, and briefly by Churchill and the war cabinet while waiting for the War Rooms to be ready. While there is only one bus route in Mayfair itself, the 24-hour route C2, there are many bus routes along the perimeter roads.
Cultural references
Mayfair has featured in a number of novels including P.G. Wodehouse's The Mating Season (1949) and Evelyn Waugh's A Handful of Dust, (1934). It is a partial setting for Jane Austen's Sense and Sensibility (1811) and Michael Arlen's The Green Hat (1924). Oscar Wilde lived in Grosvenor Square between 1883 and 1884 and referred to it in his works. He regularly socialised in the artistic quarter along Half Moon Street, which is mentioned in both The Importance of Being Earnest and The Portrait of Dorian Gray.
Mayfair is the most expensive property on the standard British Monopoly board at £400, and is part of the dark blue set with Park Lane. It commands the highest rents out of all properties; landing on Mayfair with a hotel costs £2,000. The price is a reference to the property values in the area, which have remained consistently high, with real-life rent as much as £36,000 per week. At the time the board was being designed in the 1930s, Mayfair still had a significant upper-class residential population.
The department store Debenhams became one of the first companies in Britain to have a dedicated business telephone number, Mayfair 1, in 1903.
See also
- A Nightingale Sang in Berkeley Square
- The Punch Bowl, Mayfair
- Street names of Mayfair
References
Notes
Citations
Sources
Further reading
External links
- Official website of the business directory
Source of article : Wikipedia
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